What is Sinusitis?
Sinusitis is an inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses. You have sinusitis when the tissue lining the sinus cavities swells with inflammation. Classified as acute, subacute or chronic, depending on the length of time the patient has experienced it. Acute is usually less than four weeks, subacute is 5-12 weeks and chronic is 12 weeks or longer. It is estimated that more than 35 million people per year in the United States alone are diagnosed with sinusitis.
The sinuses are hollow spaces located behind your nose, cheeks, and lower forehead. Sinuses are connected to your airway passages through an opening or ostium. You have four pair of sinuses:
- The frontal sinus is located in the forehead,
- The maxillary sinus is located behind the cheeks
- The ethmoid sinus is located between the eyes
- The sphenoid sinus is located deep behind the ethmoids.
Primarily they function to produce a thin layer of mucus. Mucus serves to keep areas moist like your nose, mouth, throat, sinuses, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Secondly, it works like flypaper, helping to trap pollutants (smoke, smog, strong odors), dust and microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi from getting into the respiratory lining and tissue. Your sinuses are lined with cilia or tiny hairs that function to keep the mucus moving and drain out through your nose.
Because your sinus cavities are filled with air, they lighten the skull bones, improve the resonance of the voice, humidify and warm the air you breathe in, serve as shock absorption against structural impact and provide thermal insulation for the brain.
What Causes Sinusitis?
- Both acute or chronic respiratory infections
- Environmental allergies- may increase inflammation
- Food sensitivity allergies- may promote excess mucus production
- Certain pharmaceuticals (antihistamines)
- A deviated nasal septum
- A compromised immune system
- Nasal polyps-may block sinus pathways
- Nasal cancer
Many cases of sinusitis are viral related. Bacterial infections cause some cases. Fungi may internally inflame the sinus lining as well. These could also exist in combination with each other. Environmental toxicity or pollutants can also trigger inflammation and excess mucus production. A common cold could permit a secondary bacterial infection that turns into a sinus infection. Other causes may include any physical trauma to the facial tissue or bony structure.
What are the Symptoms of Sinusitis?
- The feeling of facial pressure and or pain. This is due to excess mucus build-up and inflammation of the tissue.
- Headache: This is from pressure from the blockage of the sinuses.
- Congestion: Nasal blockage from inflammation and mucus
- Postnasal drip: Overproduction of mucus that drips down the throat.
- Sore throat: The throat is irritated from mucus
- Toothache: From sinus pressure on surrounding nerves.
- Ear pain: Caused by sinus pressure on surrounding nerves.
- Eye pain: Caused by pressure on surrounding nerves.
- Cough: Reflex cough due to mucus production.
- Fatigue: Due to inflammation and immune response.
- Nasal discharge can be clear or whitish in non-infectious sinusitis.
- Bad breath may occur from bacterial infection.
How is Sinusitis Diagnosed?
- Diagnosis is usually performed through clinical observation.
- Nasal passages may be swollen and red.
- Drainage from the nasal passages may occur.
- Swollen eyes and or cheeks.
If the initial treatment fails, then an MRI or CT scan may be ordered to perform a more in-depth analysis and diagnosis. Also, an endoscopy may be performed to view the back of the nasal passages with a flexible fiber-optic tube. This diagnostic is appropriate to search for small growths and blockages.
What is the Conventional Medicine Treatment?
The most common bacteria to cause sinus infections include:
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenza
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pyogenes
A course of antibiotics is usually prescribed for any bacterial infection. Decongestants and mucolytics may be offered to help dry up and move the mucus. In addition, sinus surgery may be prescribed. There are three basic sinus surgery procedures:
- Endoscopic sinus surgery: a small telescope is used to view the nose and sinuses.
- Image-guided endoscope: the endoscopic procedure as described above, is guided with the addition of a CT scan.
- Balloon sinuplasty: the sinuses are opened with the insertion of a balloon that becomes inflated.
As with all medical procedures, sinus surgeries may have some potential risks. Saline wash is a reasonable at-home procedure that may benefit most sinusitis sufferers. The Neti-pot or various saline solutions are either gently sprayed or irrigated into the nose to wash out dust and debris from obstructing the nasal passageway.